Psychoactive substance consumption after the Fundão dam mine tailing disaster in Minas Gerais State, Brazil.

Disasters cause changes in morbidity, mortality, and medicine use. Brazil is one of the main producers of mineral ores at great environmental cost. Mine tailings are stored in dams and ruptures have led to major disasters. We investigated the consumption of psychoactive medicines in the municipalities affected by the Fundão dam disaster in Minas Gerais State. An ecological study was carried out on drug consumption, estimated using public purchases in Minas Gerais and dispensing data from private retail pharmacies. Consumption (in number of defined daily doses/100,000 inhabitants per day) was analyzed descriptively in eight municipalities, stratified according to consumption level during a 25-month period. Six comparisons of mean consumption values for both data sets were done for pre- and post-disaster periods. The means of medicine consumption before and after the event were plotted and linear trends were added. Public purchase data evinced high consumption levels. Only pharmaceutical retail showed significant differences between the strata in the pre-disaster versus two post-disaster periods. Smaller municipalities showed an increase in consumption 15 months after the disaster. Clonazepam led the way in pharmaceutical retail consumption, followed by fluoxetine. Medicines showed an upward trend after the disaster. The high public provision may have stifled significant consumption patterns of psychoactive drugs; however, peak consumption were observed in private retail, suggesting a modification in use patterns after the disaster. The decrease in consumption immediately after the event was probably related to lower care-seeking behavior on the part of the population, and significant peaks after the disaster may reflect economic consequences of it.

Profile, performance, and perception of pharmacist preparedness for the COVID-19 pandemic.

INTRODUCTION: The lack of human resources for disease prevention and control is evident in times of health crisis, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. In public health emergencies, the capacity for adequate assistance and guaranteed access to pharmacological treatment are fundamental and contribute to impact reduction. We aimed to analyze the profile, performance, and characteristics related to the self-perception of preparedness among pharmacists who responded to the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil. METHOD: A cross-sectional study was conducted in two stages: content validation of a questionnaire and its application to a representative sample of pharmacists in Rio de Janeiro. The snowball technique was used to recruit participants. A logistic regression model was adjusted to determine the effects of the factors on the probability of a pharmacist feeling prepared to act during the pandemic. RESULTS: Six experts approved and validated the questionnaire, and 376 pharmacists were included in the study, 60.6 % of whom were in places specially designated by health authorities to diagnose and treat COVID-19. Professionals participated in various activities related to pandemic demands, including medication management and population guidance. Postgraduate degrees increased the odds of participants feeling prepared to act during the pandemic. Furthermore, pharmacists who worked in reference facilities were more likely to feel ready than those who worked in other places. Professionals who knew treatment guidelines were almost three times more likely to feel prepared than the ones without the knowledge of treatment guidelines. Training or guidance on how to act during the pandemic increased pharmacists' odds of feeling prepared by 2.58 times. CONCLUSION: Pharmacists actuated from diagnosis to treatment and participated in the health activities required during the pandemic. Factors contributing to the self-perception of preparedness were identified. Such factors can be targets for interventions to promote the preparedness of the workforce for future health emergencies.

Psychoactive substance consumption after the Fundão dam mine tailing disaster in Minas Gerais State, Brazil / Consumo de psicoativos após o desastre da Barragem de Fundão, em Minas Gerais, Brasil / Consumo de psicoactivos tras el desastre de la presa Fundão, en Minas Gerais, Brasil

Abstract: Disasters cause changes in morbidity, mortality, and medicine use. Brazil is one of the main producers of mineral ores at great environmental cost. Mine tailings are stored in dams and ruptures have led to major disasters. We investigated the consumption of psychoactive medicines in the municipalities affected by the Fundão dam disaster in Minas Gerais State. An ecological study was carried out on drug consumption, estimated using public purchases in Minas Gerais and dispensing data from private retail pharmacies. Consumption (in number of defined daily doses/100,000 inhabitants per day) was analyzed descriptively in eight municipalities, stratified according to consumption level during a 25-month period. Six comparisons of mean consumption values for both data sets were done for pre- and post-disaster periods. The means of medicine consumption before and after the event were plotted and linear trends were added. Public purchase data evinced high consumption levels. Only pharmaceutical retail showed significant differences between the strata in the pre-disaster versus two post-disaster periods. Smaller municipalities showed an increase in consumption 15 months after the disaster. Clonazepam led the way in pharmaceutical retail consumption, followed by fluoxetine. Medicines showed an upward trend after the disaster. The high public provision may have stifled significant consumption patterns of psychoactive drugs; however, peak consumption were observed in private retail, suggesting a modification in use patterns after the disaster. The decrease in consumption immediately after the event was probably related to lower care-seeking behavior on the part of the population, and significant peaks after the disaster may reflect economic consequences of it.

Resumo: Os desastres provocam alterações na morbidade, mortalidade e no uso de medicamentos. O Brasil é líder na produção de minérios com grande custo ambiental. Os rejeitos de mineração são armazenados em barragens e as rupturas dessas barragens têm causados grandes desastres. Investigamos o consumo de medicamentos psicoativos em municípios atingidos pelo desastre da Barragem de Fundão, em Minas Gerais. Foi realizado um estudo ecológico sobre o consumo de medicamentos, com base em dados de compras públicas e distribuição de farmácias privadas do varejo de Minas Gerais. O consumo (em número de doses diárias definidas/100 mil habitantes por dia) foi analisado descritivamente em oito municípios, estratificados segundo o nível de consumo durante um período de 25 meses. Foram feitas seis comparações de valores médios de consumo para os dois conjuntos de dados dos períodos pré- e pós-desastre. Foram calculadas as médias de consumo de medicamentos antes e depois do evento e adicionadas tendências lineares. Os dados de compras públicas mostraram elevados níveis de consumo. Apenas o varejo farmacêutico apresentou diferenças significativas entre os estratos no período pré-desastre versus dois períodos pós-desastre. Municípios menores apresentaram aumento no consumo a partir do 15º mês após o desastre. Clonazepam liderou o consumo no varejo farmacêutico, seguido pela fluoxetina. Os medicamentos apresentaram tendência de alta após o desastre. A elevada oferta pública pode ter afetado os padrões de consumo significativo de medicamentos psicoativos; no entanto, foram observados aumentos no comércio privado, sugerindo alterações nos padrões de uso após o desastre. A diminuição do consumo imediatamente após o evento estava provavelmente relacionada a um menor comportamento de procura de cuidados por parte da população e os aumentos significativos posteriores podem refletir as consequências econômicas do desastre.

Resumen: Los desastres provocan cambios en la morbilidad, mortalidad y en el uso de medicamentos. Brasil es líder en la producción de minerales con grandes costos ambientales. Los desechos mineros se almacenan en represas y las roturas de dichas represas han causado grandes desastres. Investigamos el consumo de medicamentos psicoactivos en municipios afectados por el desastre de la presa de Fundão, en Minas Gerais. Se realizó un estudio ecológico sobre el consumo de medicamentos, con base en datos de compras públicas y distribución en farmacias privadas minoristas de Minas Gerais. El consumo (en número de dosis diarias definidas/100.000 habitantes por día) se analizó descriptivamente en ocho municipios, estratificados según el nivel de consumo durante un período de 25 meses. Se realizaron seis comparaciones de los valores medios de consumo para los dos conjuntos de datos de los períodos anterior y posterior al desastre. Se calculó el consumo medio de medicamentos antes y después del evento y se añadieron las tendencias lineales. Los datos de compras públicas mostraron altos niveles de consumo. Solo el comercio minorista farmacéutico presentó diferencias significativas entre los estratos en el período anterior al desastre frente a dos períodos posteriores al desastre. Los municipios más pequeños presentaron un aumento en el consumo a partir del 15º mes después del desastre. El clonazepam lideró el consumo en el comercio minorista farmacéutico, seguido de la fluoxetina. Los medicamentos presentaron una tendencia al alza después del desastre. La elevada oferta pública puede haber afectado los patrones de consumo significativo de medicamentos psicoactivos; sin embargo, se observaron aumentos en el comercio privado, lo que sugiere cambios en los patrones de uso después del desastre. La disminución del consumo inmediatamente después del evento probablemente relacionada con un menor comportamiento de búsqueda de cuidados por parte de la población, y los aumentos significativos posteriores pueden reflejar las consecuencias económicas del desastre.

Consumption of drugs for Alzheimer's disease on the Brazilian private market.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the consumption of drugs for Alzheimer's disease on the Brazilian private market and its geographical distribution from 2014 to 2020. METHODS: National data from the Brazilian National System of Controlled Product Management were used, regarding sales of donepezil, galantamine, rivastigmine, and memantine from January 2014 to December 2020. Sales data were used as a proxy for drug consumption and expressed as defined daily dose/1,000 inhabitants/year at national, regional, federative unit and microregion levels. RESULTS: Drug consumption went from 5,000 defined daily doses/1,000 inhabitants, in 2014, to more than 16,000/1,000 inhabitants, in 2020, and all federative units showed positive variation. The Brazilian Northeast had the highest cumulative consumption in the period but displayed microregional disparities while the North region had the lowest consumption. Donepezil and memantine were the most consumed drugs, with the highest growth in consumption from 2014 to 2020. CONCLUSION: The consumption of medicines indicated to treat Alzheimer's disease tripled in Brazil between 2014 and 2020, which may relate to the increase in the prevalence of the disease in the country, greater access to health services, and inappropriate use. This challenges managers and healthcare providers due to population aging and the increased prevalence of chronic-degenerative diseases.

Educação Interprofissional nos cursos da área da saúde de uma universidade pública / Interprofessional Education in health courses at a public university

RESUMO Visto que a Educação Interprofissional tem sido apontada para a reorientação da formação e do trabalho em saúde, objetivou-se analisar sua inserção nos Projetos Pedagógicos dos Cursos de graduação em saúde de uma universidade pública. Trata-se de uma pesquisa pautada na análise documental, dividida em três etapas: leitura exploratória, pré-análise e análise dos documentos. Todos os documentos dos cursos analisados referem-se ao trabalho em equipe como competência importante para a formação, ainda que façam apenas algumas menções pontuais e específicas à interprofissionalidade. Os documentos não apresentam projetos para a implementação da Educação Interprofissional nos currículos regulares, apenas delegam a inserção da interprofissionalidade à extensão universitária. Assim, observou-se que os projetos pedagógicos inserem a Educação Interprofissional de forma restrita nos cursos da área da saúde.

ABSTRACT Since Interprofessional Education has been identified as a means of reorientation health training and work, the objective was to analyze its insertion in the pedagogical projects of undergraduate health courses at a public university. This research is based on document analysis, divided into three stages: exploratory reading, pre-analysis and document analysis. All documents of the analyzed courses refers to teamwork as an important skill for training, even though they only make a few punctual and specific mentions of interprofessionality. The documents do not present projects for the implementation of Interprofessional Education in regular curriculum, they just delegate the insertion of interprofessionality to university extension. Thus, it was observed that pedagogical projects include Interprofessional Education in a restricted way in health courses.

Consumption of drugs for Alzheimer's disease on the Brazilian private market / Consumo de medicamentos para doença de Alzheimer no mercado privado brasileiro

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To analyze the consumption of drugs for Alzheimer's disease on the Brazilian private market and its geographical distribution from 2014 to 2020. METHODS National data from the Brazilian National System of Controlled Product Management were used, regarding sales of donepezil, galantamine, rivastigmine, and memantine from January 2014 to December 2020. Sales data were used as a proxy for drug consumption and expressed as defined daily dose/1,000 inhabitants/year at national, regional, federative unit and microregion levels. RESULTS Drug consumption went from 5,000 defined daily doses/1,000 inhabitants, in 2014, to more than 16,000/1,000 inhabitants, in 2020, and all federative units showed positive variation. The Brazilian Northeast had the highest cumulative consumption in the period but displayed microregional disparities while the North region had the lowest consumption. Donepezil and memantine were the most consumed drugs, with the highest growth in consumption from 2014 to 2020. CONCLUSION The consumption of medicines indicated to treat Alzheimer's disease tripled in Brazil between 2014 and 2020, which may relate to the increase in the prevalence of the disease in the country, greater access to health services, and inappropriate use. This challenges managers and healthcare providers due to population aging and the increased prevalence of chronic-degenerative diseases.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Analisar o consumo de medicamentos para a doença de Alzheimer no mercado privado brasileiro e sua distribuição geográfica entre os anos de 2014 e 2020. MÉTODOS Foram utilizados dados do Sistema Nacional de Gerenciamento de Produtos Controlados relativos às vendas de donepezila, galantamina, rivastigmina e memantina, entre janeiro de 2014 a dezembro de 2020, em todo o território nacional. Os dados de venda foram utilizados como proxy para o consumo dos medicamentos, avaliado em dose diária definida (DDD)/1.000 habitantes/ano em nível nacional, regional, por unidade federativa e microrregião. RESULTADOS O consumo dos medicamentos passou de 5.000 DDD/1.000 habitantes em 2014 para mais de 16.000 DDD/1.000 habitantes em 2020, e todas as unidades de federação apresentaram variação positiva. A região Nordeste apresentou o maior consumo acumulado no período, porém exibiu disparidades microrregionais. A região Norte apresentou o menor consumo. Os medicamentos mais consumidos foram donepezila e memantina, os quais também apresentaram maior crescimento do consumo no intervalo de tempo entre os anos de 2014 e 2020. CONCLUSÃO O consumo de medicamentos para o tratamento da doença de Alzheimer triplicou no Brasil entre os anos de 2014 e 2020, o que pode estar relacionado ao aumento da prevalência da doença no país e/ou maior acesso a serviços de saúde, assim como estar ligado, também, à utilização inapropriada destes medicamentos. Este é um desafio para gestores e profissionais de saúde num cenário de envelhecimento populacional e aumento da prevalência de doenças crônico-degenerativas.

Demographics, Socioeconomic Status, Social Distancing, Psychosocial Factors and Psychological Well-Being among Undergraduate Students during the COVID-19 Pandemic.

The COVID-19 pandemic impacted on academic routine because of the social distancing measures. This study examined the relationships of sociodemographic characteristics, social distancing aspects and psychosocial factors on psychosocial well-being among undergraduate students during the social distancing period due to COVID-19. A web-based survey was conducted of undergraduate students at a public university in Brazil (n = 620). Demographics, socioeconomic status (SES), social distancing factors, negative affectivity (DASS-21), sense of coherence (SOC-13), social support and psychosocial well-being (GHQ-12) were measured. The direct and indirect links between was variables was tested using structural equation modelling. The estimated model showed that greater social support, higher sense of coherence and lower negative affectivity were directly associated with better psychological well-being. Female gender, higher SES, not working during the social distancing period and availability of online modules were indirectly associated with psychological well-being through psychosocial factors. Working during the social distancing period and availability of online modules mediated the link of age, gender, SES with psychological well-being. Our findings suggest the need to provide psychological support, online teaching and financial aid to undergraduate students during the social distancing period due to COVID-19 pandemic to improve their psychological well-being.

An ontology of Pharmaceutical Services in the pages of Journal Ciência & Saúde Coletiva. / Uma proposta de ontologia para a Assistência Farmacêutica a partir das páginas da Revista Ciência & Saúde Coletiva.

Pharmaceutical Services (PS) is a growing field which has established itself over the last 25 years in Brazil through scientific publications. This work investigates the evolution of the field in the Brazilian periodical Journal Ciência & Saúde Coletiva. We conducted a scoping review of relevant literature produced in four separate periods (1996-2003, 2004-2010, 2011-2015, and 2016-2019). A search for articles that contained one or more of the pre-established key words in the title was performed by separate pairs of reviewers. The search resulted in 307 articles, 260 of which were included. The findings show that the number of publications increased steadily over the study period. The papers were predominantly open-topic and original articles and written in Portuguese. Most of the lead authors were from the South and Southeastern regions of Brazil and from public universities and Fiocruz. The predominant primary theme was medicine utilization (161 articles), followed by management (56), and tangential aspects of the PM cycle (43). An ontology of PS was created based on the classification of the articles. The findings show that the field of PS encompasses public policy and management and frontline activities involved in the delivery of health care to the population. It is hoped that the diverse range of interrelations in the field of PS will be increasingly addressed in future publications.

A Assistência Farmacêutica (AF) é um campo em expansão no Brasil e nos últimos 25 anos vem se consolidando também através da publicação científica. O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar a evolução da AF como campo na Revista Ciência & Saúde Coletiva. Uma revisão de escopo, em quatro períodos, 1996-2003, 2004-2010, 2011-2015, 2016-2019, foi realizada por duplas de pesquisadores, buscando palavras e termos de busca nos títulos. As inclusões foram totalizadas por ano de publicação, suas características descritas quanto ao tipo de artigo, idioma, local e instituição de origem do primeiro autor e classificadas por temáticas principais, secundárias e especificidades. Foram resgatados 307 artigos e incluídos 260. Os resultados refletiram aumento de publicações ao longo do tempo, participação majoritária de artigos de tema livre e originais, em português, de autores das regiões Sul e Sudeste, de universidades públicas e da Fiocruz. Os temas principais foram Utilização de Medicamentos (161 artigos), Gestão (56) e Temas Tangenciais ao Ciclo da AF (43). A partir da classificação foi elaborada uma ontologia própria da AF. O campo reúne política pública a atividades gerenciais e de cuidados em saúde à população. Espera-se que essa variada gama de interrelações venha a se expressar cada vez mais na publicação científica.

Uma proposta de ontologia para a Assistência Farmacêutica a partir das páginas da Revista Ciência & Saúde Coletiva / An ontology of Pharmaceutical Services in the pages of Journal Ciência & Saúde Coletiva

Resumo A Assistência Farmacêutica (AF) é um campo em expansão no Brasil e nos últimos 25 anos vem se consolidando também através da publicação científica. O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar a evolução da AF como campo na Revista Ciência & Saúde Coletiva. Uma revisão de escopo, em quatro períodos, 1996-2003, 2004-2010, 2011-2015, 2016-2019, foi realizada por duplas de pesquisadores, buscando palavras e termos de busca nos títulos. As inclusões foram totalizadas por ano de publicação, suas características descritas quanto ao tipo de artigo, idioma, local e instituição de origem do primeiro autor e classificadas por temáticas principais, secundárias e especificidades. Foram resgatados 307 artigos e incluídos 260. Os resultados refletiram aumento de publicações ao longo do tempo, participação majoritária de artigos de tema livre e originais, em português, de autores das regiões Sul e Sudeste, de universidades públicas e da Fiocruz. Os temas principais foram Utilização de Medicamentos (161 artigos), Gestão (56) e Temas Tangenciais ao Ciclo da AF (43). A partir da classificação foi elaborada uma ontologia própria da AF. O campo reúne política pública a atividades gerenciais e de cuidados em saúde à população. Espera-se que essa variada gama de interrelações venha a se expressar cada vez mais na publicação científica.

Abstract Pharmaceutical Services (PS) is a growing field which has established itself over the last 25 years in Brazil through scientific publications. This work investigates the evolution of the field in the Brazilian periodical Journal Ciência & Saúde Coletiva. We conducted a scoping review of relevant literature produced in four separate periods (1996-2003, 2004-2010, 2011-2015, and 2016-2019). A search for articles that contained one or more of the pre-established key words in the title was performed by separate pairs of reviewers. The search resulted in 307 articles, 260 of which were included. The findings show that the number of publications increased steadily over the study period. The papers were predominantly open-topic and original articles and written in Portuguese. Most of the lead authors were from the South and Southeastern regions of Brazil and from public universities and Fiocruz. The predominant primary theme was medicine utilization (161 articles), followed by management (56), and tangential aspects of the PM cycle (43). An ontology of PS was created based on the classification of the articles. The findings show that the field of PS encompasses public policy and management and frontline activities involved in the delivery of health care to the population. It is hoped that the diverse range of interrelations in the field of PS will be increasingly addressed in future publications.

Proposta de análise integrada de emergências em saúde pública por arboviroses: o caso do Zika vírus no Brasil / Proposal for integrated analysis of public health emergencies involving arboviruses: the case of the Zika virus in Brazil

RESUMO A mudança no padrão de ocorrência da microcefalia associada à infecção pelo Zika Vírus em gestantes no Brasil resultou na decretação de emergência em saúde pública de importância nacional e internacional. Esforços coordenados e multisetoriais foram demandados, mas nem sempre houve respostas efetivas ou preparação das populações afetadas. A epidemia de Zika repercutiu nas políticas públicas, incluindo a de saúde, seja na investigação científica, seja na proposição de medidas de controle, diagnóstico, prevenção e tratamento. Objetivou-se apresentar proposta de análise integrada para abordagem de futuras emergências sanitárias com foco nas arboviroses. Partindo da experiência brasileira da epidemia e literatura relacionada, articularam-se quatro dimensões: vulnerabilidades e risco; condições e impactos socioeconômicos na população; desenvolvimento e emprego de tecnologias e pesquisas; e resposta e reprogramação do sistema de saúde. Pretende-se viabilizar loci específicos de investigação, para mensuração de possíveis desfechos e geração de novas evidências sobre os efeitos da epidemia nos sistemas de saúde. O conhecimento científico e suas lacunas são considerados os principais elementos integradores dessas dimensões analíticas, de forma a contribuir com resposta mais oportuna e efetiva em futuras emergências. Além do conhecimento adquirido, faz-se necessário agregar capacidade de enfrentar futuras emergências relacionadas com as epidemias de arboviroses.

ABSTRACT The change in the pattern of occurrence of microcephaly associated with Zika virus infection in pregnant women in Brazil resulted in the declaration of a Public Health Emergency of National and International Concern. Coordinated and inter-sector efforts were required, but there were not always effective responses or preparation of the affected populations. The Zika epidemic impacted public policies, including health policy, both in scientific research, proposals for control measures, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment. The study aimed to propose an integrated analysis for the approach to future health emergencies, with a focus on arboviral infections. Based on the Brazilian experience with the Zika epidemic and the related literature, the analysis links four dimensions: vulnerabilities and risk; the population's socioeconomic conditions and impacts; development and use of technologies and research; and the health system's response and reprogramming. The aim is to allow specific research focuses to measure the possible outcomes and generate new evidence on the epidemic's effect on health systems. Scientific knowledge and its gaps are the main integrating elements in these analytic dimensions, aimed at contributing with a more timely and effective response in future emergencies. Besides the acquired knowledge, it is necessary to add capacity to confront future emergencies related to arbovirus epidemics.

Preparedness of Pharmaceutical Services in Military Organizations: Learning from an Assessment in Brazil.

INTRODUCTION: The participation of armed forces in humanitarian operations and in disaster response is common in many countries. In Brazil, the armed forces have had history in providing health support to victims in emergencies, which also includes the provision of pharmaceutical services (PS). PROBLEM: Even though being essential for the provision of health care in disaster response, the preparedness of PS is not well-addressed in the literature. The use of a comprehensive approach to evaluate preparedness of PS in military institutions may subsidize preparedness measures. The goals of this work were to analyze the preparedness of PS for disaster response and humanitarian aid in military units of a Brazilian armed force institution, and to propose a framework to improve the preparedness of PS in operational medicine. METHODS: An investigation of a cross-sectional design was performed. A logic model and indicators to evaluate preparedness of PS were applied. Data were obtained from official documents, interviews with key stakeholders, and observation of good storage practices (GSP). RESULTS: Identified were: lack of specific budget for medicine procurement in case of disaster, absence of emergency stockpile, proper means for medicine transportation, and records of trained health professionals. An emergency plan, a list of selected medicines, adaptable mobile health care units, and a system for mobilization of health professionals were some of the positive aspects recognized. Different aspects for improvement were acknowledged and recommendations to favor the efficiency and the quality of PS in emergencies were proposed. CONCLUSIONS: The investigation provided valuable results for the planning and execution of responses to disasters and humanitarian aid. The findings and proposed recommendations may be useful for other military organizations similar to those in Brazil.

Skills and Core Competencies of Pharmacists in Humanitarian Assistance.

BACKGROUND: Pharmacists' participation in health care within multi-disciplinary teams in Humanitarian Assistance (HA) shall be encouraged. Limited literature exists on their role in the humanitarian context. The objective of this paper is to evidence the skill-specific, comprehensive core competencies that pharmacists must demonstrate working in humanitarian interventions. METHODS: The literature search laid the groundwork for the development of interview guides and further analysis of the data. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with expatriate pharmacists and medical coordinators, all of whom have worked in the field of HA. The interviews were recorded, transcribed, and analyzed using a content analysis methodology. RESULTS: Three pharmacists and three medical coordinators were interviewed, who had worked in a combined 32 humanitarian missions. The main functions of pharmacists were focused on stock management and supply of medicinal products. However, pharmacists in HA did not perform many functions related to the provision of effective medication therapy management (MTM). A core competency framework for pharmacists working in the humanitarian field was created, which reflects the personal and technical competencies that are essential to work in HA. CONCLUSION: Self-management in a pressured and changing environment, the ability to adapt to changing situations, and planning, prioritizing, and performing tasks well under pressure are the skills required for pharmacists and for any other humanitarian health worker. The results highlight great efforts being dedicated to pharmaceutical product supply and management by pharmacists working in HA. VardanyanH, MoseguiGBG, MirandaES. Skills and core competencies of pharmacists in humanitarian assistance. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2018;33(3):266-272.

A provisão de medicamentos pelo "Saúde Não Tem Preço" em municípios prioritários para o Plano Brasil Sem Miséria em Mato Grosso do Sul / Medicines provision through the "Saúde Não Tem Preço" initiative in target municipalities for the Brazil Without Poverty Plan in Mato Grosso do Sul state

Resumo O Programa Farmácia Popular do Brasil (PFPB) tem como uma de suas características a interface que promove entre o setor público e o privado. A partir de 2011, passou a integrar o rol de ações do Plano Brasil Sem Miséria (BSM), com a iniciativa "Saúde Não Tem Preço" (SNTP), caracterizada pela gratuidade da provisão de medicamentos para hipertensão, diabetes e asma. O estudo teve como objetivo verificar o papel do SNTP nos municípios-alvo do BSM em Mato Grosso do Sul. Foi realizado inquérito baseado em método da OMS em 40 farmácias credenciadas de 15 municípios. Foram coletadas informações sobre o perfil socioeconômico e demográfico dos usuários, condições de saúde e medicamentos, além das etapas percorridas para obtenção dos mesmos. Entre os 896 usuários entrevistados, havia grande proporção de mulheres, acima de 60 anos, com baixa escolaridade e renda entre meio e dois salários mínimos. Aproximadamente, 95% vinham do SUS e mais de 60% relatou tentar obter os medicamentos no posto de saúde, mas a indisponibilidade os levou às farmácias credenciadas. Mais de 55% dos usuários chegaram ao SNTP por recomendação dos profissionais do SUS. Estima-se que, nesses municípios, a população mais pobre não chegou ao SNTP.

Abstract The Brazilian Popular Pharmacy Program promotes an interface between the public and private sectors. From 2011, the Program took part in the actions contemplated by the Brazil Without Poverty (BSM) Plan, through the "Saúde Não Tem Preço" (SNTP) initiative, characterized by free Ministry of Health-financed provision of medicines for hypertension, diabetes and asthma, dispensed in private Program-certified facilities. The study aimed to assess the role played by SNTP in BSM target municipalities in Mato Grosso do Sul state. A survey in 40 pharmacies from 15 municipalities, based on a WHO methodology, collected socioeconomic and demographic profile of users, as well as health perceptions, medicines and steps taken to obtain them. Among the 896 interviewees, there was a greater proportion of females, over 60 years, with low schooling, and total income between half and two minimum wages. About 95% of users came to the SNTP from public health system. More than 60% reported trying to obtain the medicines at public facilities, but unavailability led them to certified pharmacies. More than 55% of users were directed to SNTP by recommendation of a SUS health professional. We estimate that in these target municipalities the poorest segment of the population did not access SNTP.

Sustainability of ARV provision in developing countries: challenging a framework based on program history.

The provision of ARVs is central to HIV/AIDS programs, because of its impact on the course of the disease and on quality of life. Although first-line treatments costs have declined, treatment-associated expenses are steeper each year. Sustainability is therefore an important variable for the success of treatment programs. A conceptual framework on sustainability of ARV provision was developed, followed by data collection instruments. The pilot study was undertaken in Brazil. Bolivia, Peru and Mozambique, were visited. Key informants were identified and interviewed. Investigation of sustainability related to ARV provision involved implementation and routinization events of provision schemes. Evidence of greater sustainability potential was observed in Peru, where provision is implemented and routinized by the National HIV/AIDS program and expenditures met by the government. In Mozambique, provision is dependent on donations and external aid, but the country displays a great effort to incorporate ARV provision and care in routine healthcare activities. Bolivia, in addition to external dependence on financing and management of drug supply, presents problems regarding implementation and routinization. The conceptual framework was useful in recognizing events that influence sustainable ARV provision in these countries.

Sustainability of ARV provision in developing countries: challenging a framework based on program history / Sustentabilidade da provisão de medicamentos ARV em países em desenvolvimento: modelo de avaliação com base na história do programa

Abstract The provision of ARVs is central to HIV/AIDS programs, because of its impact on the course of the disease and on quality of life. Although first-line treatments costs have declined, treatment-associated expenses are steeper each year. Sustainability is therefore an important variable for the success of treatment programs. A conceptual framework on sustainability of ARV provision was developed, followed by data collection instruments. The pilot study was undertaken in Brazil. Bolivia, Peru and Mozambique, were visited. Key informants were identified and interviewed. Investigation of sustainability related to ARV provision involved implementation and routinization events of provision schemes. Evidence of greater sustainability potential was observed in Peru, where provision is implemented and routinized by the National HIV/AIDS program and expenditures met by the government. In Mozambique, provision is dependent on donations and external aid, but the country displays a great effort to incorporate ARV provision and care in routine healthcare activities. Bolivia, in addition to external dependence on financing and management of drug supply, presents problems regarding implementation and routinization. The conceptual framework was useful in recognizing events that influence sustainable ARV provision in these countries.

Resumo A provisão de medicamentos ARV é central para programas de HIV/Aids, devido a seu impacto no curso da doença e na qualidade de vida. Embora os custos de tratamentos de primeira linha tenham diminuído, os gastos dos programas com os tratamentos tem aumentado a cada ano. A sustentabilidade torna-se fator fundamental para o sucesso dos programas. Um modelo conceitual para avaliação da sustentabilidade da provisão de ARV e instrumentos de coleta de dados foram desenvolvidos. Um estudo piloto foi realizado no Brasil e a pesquisa de campo cobriu Bolívia, Moçambique e Peru. Informantes-chaves foram identificados e entrevistados. Eventos críticos de implementação e rotinização foram investigados na história dos programas. Foi observado maior potencial para sustentabilidade no Peru, onde a provisão está implementada e rotinizada e os gastos são cobertos pelo governo nacional. Em Moçambique, o financiamento da provisão é quase totalmente dependente de ajuda internacional, mas há grandes esforços voltados à expansão da cobertura e rotinização do cuidado a PVH. Na Bolívia, além da dependência externa para o financiamento há problemas de implementação e gerenciamento da provisão. O modelo avaliativo mostrou-se útil na identificação de fatores que influenciam a capacidade para sustentabilidade dos programas nesses países.

Expected hazards and hospital beds in host cities of the 2014 FIFA World Cup in Brazil.

Planning for mass gatherings involves health system preparedness based on an understanding of natural and technological hazards identified through prior risk assessment. We present the expected hazards reported by health administrators of the host cities for the 2014 FIFA World Cup in Brazil and discuss the hazards considering minimal available public hospital beds in the 12 cities at the time of the event. Four different groups of respondents were interviewed: pharmaceutical service administrators and overall health administrators at both the municipal and hospital levels. The hospital bed occupancy rate was calculated, based on the Brazilian Health Informatics Department (DATASUS). The number of surplus beds was calculated using parameters from the literature regarding surge and mass casualty needs and number of unoccupied beds. In all groups, physical injuries ranked first, followed by emerging and endemic diseases. Baseline occupancy rates were high (95%CI: 0.93-2.19) in all 12 cities. Total shortage, considering all the cities, ranged from -47,670 (for surges) to -60,569 beds (for mass casualties). The study can contribute to discussions on mass-gathering preparedness.

Expected hazards and hospital beds in host cities of the 2014 FIFA World Cup in Brazil / Riscos esperados e leitos hospitalares nas cidades-sede da Copa do Mundo FIFA de 2014 no Brasil / Riesgos esperados y camas de hospital en ciudades anfitrionas de la Copa Mundial de la FIFA 2014 en Brasil

Planning for mass gatherings involves health system preparedness based on an understanding of natural and technological hazards identified through prior risk assessment. We present the expected hazards reported by health administrators of the host cities for the 2014 FIFA World Cup in Brazil and discuss the hazards considering minimal available public hospital beds in the 12 cities at the time of the event. Four different groups of respondents were interviewed: pharmaceutical service administrators and overall health administrators at both the municipal and hospital levels. The hospital bed occupancy rate was calculated, based on the Brazilian Health Informatics Department (DATASUS). The number of surplus beds was calculated using parameters from the literature regarding surge and mass casualty needs and number of unoccupied beds. In all groups, physical injuries ranked first, followed by emerging and endemic diseases. Baseline occupancy rates were high (95%CI: 0.93-2.19) in all 12 cities. Total shortage, considering all the cities, ranged from -47,670 (for surges) to -60,569 beds (for mass casualties). The study can contribute to discussions on mass-gathering preparedness.

O planejamento de megaeventos envolve a preparação do sistema de saúde, com base na compreensão dos perigos naturais e tecnológicos, através da avaliação antecipada dos riscos. Os autores apresentam os riscos esperados relatados pelos gestores da saúde das cidades-sede durante a Copa do Mundo FIFA de 2014 no Brasil e discutem os riscos com base na disponibilidade mínima de leitos hospitalares públicos nas 12 cidades na época do evento. Quatro grupos foram entrevistados: gestores de serviços farmacêuticos e gestores gerais da saúde, ambos nos níveis municipal e hospitalar. Foi calculada a taxa de ocupação dos leitos hospitalares com base em dados do Departamento de Informática do Sistema Único de Saúde (DATASUS). O excedente de leitos foi calculado, utilizando parâmetros da literatura sobre picos de demanda (surges) e acidentes com múltiplas vítimas e o número de leitos desocupados. Em todos os grupos, as causas externas ocuparam o primeiro lugar, seguido pelas doenças emergentes e endêmicas. Todas as 12 cidades já apresentavam taxas de ocupação altas (IC95%: 0,93-2,19). O déficit total de leitos, considerando todas as cidades, variava de -47.670 (para picos de demanda) até -60.569 leitos (para acidentes com múltiplas vítimas). O estudo pode subsidiar as discussões sobre o preparo para megaeventos.

Planificar eventos para masas de gente implica la preparación del sistema de salud, basada en una comprensión de los riesgos naturales y tecnológicos, que hayan sido identificados previamente tras una evaluación de riesgos. Presentamos los riesgos esperados que fueron informados por los gestores de salud en las ciudades brasileñas anfitrionas de la Copa Mundial de la FIFA, y los discutimos, considerando el número mínimo disponible de camas en hospitales públicos en 12 ciudades, durante el evento deportivo. Hubo cuatro grupos diferentes de entrevistados: gestores del servicio farmacéutico y, en general, distintos gestores de salud en ambos niveles: municipal y hospitalario. La ratio de ocupación de camas se calculó basándose en el Sistema de Información del Sistema Único de Salud (DATASUS). El número de camas sobrantes fue calculado usando parámetros de la literatura, concernientes a las necesidades surgidas, número de víctimas y número de camas desocupadas. En todos los grupos, las lesiones físicas se encontraban en primera posición, seguidas de las enfermedades emergentes y endémicas. Las ratios base de referencia de ocupación fueron altas (IC95%: 0,93-2,19) en las12 ciudades. La escasez total, considerando todas las ciudades, oscila desde -47.670 (para incrementos) a -60.569 camas (para víctimas en masa). El estudio puede contribuir a discusiones sobre la preparación de eventos para muchedumbres.